Australian Taxation Practical Introduction -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Australian Taxation Practical Introduction? Answer: Introducation Fringe benefits have been defined by Brownlee (2016) as an added advantage given by the employer which comes along with the money wage and salary gained by the employees as the compensation for their services. A few typical examples of a fringe benefit are a car provided to the employee or additional health care cost of the employee borne by the employer. A fringe benefit tax results out of a fringe benefit. This tax is calculated separate to income tax for a period of 1st April to 31st March. The provisions of the Fringe benefits Tax assessment Act 1986 provide rules to determine the Taxable value of fringe benefits. Any benefit which is additional to the basic salary of the employee provided by the employer is to be considered as a fringe benefit as also discussed by the judge in the case of John Holland Group Pty Ltd Anor v. Commissioner of Taxation [2015] FCAFC 82. The FBTAA through sub-section 7(1) set out provisions towards a car fringe benefit. According to the section a car is considered as fringe benefit if it is given by the employer and is held by the employee for a private use purpose or if the purpose for which the car has been given is a private use purpose. It is irrelevant whether the car is put to private use by the employee or any person associated with them (Morgan Mortimer and Pinto 2013). The FBTAA through section 9 sets out provisions for calculating the taxable value of fringe benefit of the car by a process which is called statutory formula method. Under this process the cars cost is required for the calculation. No consideration is provided under the process to the public or private use of the car by the employee or his associates. The FBTAA through sub-section 10A and 10B sets out provisions for calculating the taxable value of fringe benefit of the car under a process called the operating cost method. The cars operating cost is required for calculation of tax under this process. Contrary to the statutory method the private and public use of the car is separately considered for calculation under this method (Oestreich and Keane 2016). The statutory rate is used for the purpose of multiplication with the cost of the car to derive the fringe benefit tax. The present statutory rate subsequent to the budget of 2011 for all cars is 20%. The FBTAA through subsection 11(1) states that to calculate the deemed depreciation a rate of 25% needs to be applied. Subsection 11(2) states that to calculate the deemed interest a statutory rate of 5.65% need to be applied. The methods yielding the lower value is used for the purpose of tax computation (Finkelstein 2014). Application of relevant law In the given situation it has been stated that Charlie works as an employee of shiny homes Pty Ltd. The employer provided the employee with 4 wheel drive sedan valued at $70,000 on 1st September. This means that the car is a fringe benefit. Thus the computation of fringe benefit tax is to be done under statutory and operating cost method. It can been seen in the situation that the formula which provides a lower value of fringe benefit tax is the statutory formula and as per the above discussed legal provisions this method has to be considered for taxable value of car fringe benefit. It has been provided in the case study that Charlie had parked the car his garage in the evening and subsequently in a private parking. Thus under FBTAA section 39 A as the parking is not done in a place owned by the employer it is not liable for car parking fringe benefit tax. However the employer is liable to pay tax in relation to the accommodation provided to the employee for honeymoon purpose. In the case study it has been provided that Allan and Betty want to change their house and thus they have sold their Melbourne home and bought a large house in central Victoria. As there is no profit involved in this case there is no chance of any income tax implications (Schenk 2016). Bettys income as a part time accountant and Allans income as a locum doctor is liable under section 6.5 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 to be considered for tax calculation (Pyrmont 2014). The popularity with Allan has among is client makes him receive scones and cakes as a token of appreciation addition to his fee. However as these items do not have market value they are not considered for income tax assessment. However as the wine which Allan has received is worth $360 it is liable to be assessed for income tax under ITAA 1997. According to Pope (2016) a hobby is a leisure or pastime activity which is carried out in a spare time for pleasure or recreation. However a business activity is as a whole commercial in nature and has the intention of making profit. There are certain indicators which have been provided by taxation rulingTR 79/11 used to differentiate between a hobby and a business. These are as follows Whether the purpose or character of the activity is significantly commercial Whether there is more than just intention to indulge in the business by the person Whether the purpose of the purpose is to make profit and there is a prospect of profit in the activity Whether there is regularity and repetition involved in the activity Whether the activity is similar to a hobby or a business activity Whether the activity is planned and organization so that it can make money Whether the activity is described better as a hobby These provisions had been discussed by the court in the case of Vartuli v. Chief Commissioner of State Revenue (NSW) [2015] NSWCA 372 where the court held that any activity for the purpose of making profit is a business. As per Jones v Federal Commissioner of Taxation - [1963] HCA 17 when a hobby turns into a business the profit derived from it are considered under Income tax assessment. It has been provided in the situation that the hobby of Betty of making Marmalade has turned into a business as she now has the intention of making profit. In addition the activity is subjected to repetition and recurrence. Thus the profit made by her would be assessed for the purpose of computing income tax under ITAA 1997. According to the Australian Taxation office, Trade exchanges and Barter System is subjected to same GST and tax implications which are imposed on any other regular credit or cash transactions. These provisions are also discussed through the case of Sterling Guardian Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation - [2006] FCAFC 12. Thus the barter system which has been entered upon by Betty and Allan is subjected to have the same implications as any credit or cash transaction under GST and ITAA. References Brownlee, W.E., 2016.Federal Taxation in Australia. Cambridge University Press. Finkelstein, M., 2014. Cases on Federal Taxation (Book Review). Fringe Benefit Tax Assessment Act 1986 (Cth) Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (Cth) John Holland Group Pty Ltd Anor v. Commissioner of Taxation [2015] FCAFC 82. Jones v Federal Commissioner of Taxation - [1963] HCA 17 Morgan, A., Mortimer, C. and Pinto, D. 2013.A practical introduction to Australian taxation law. North Ryde [N.S.W.]: CCH Australia Oestreich, N. and Keane, M., 2016. ACCTG 503 Federal Taxation of Individuals. Pope, T.R., 2016.Pearson's Federal Taxation: 2017 Comprehensive. Prentice Hall. Pyrmont, 2014 NSW Australian Taxation Law Cases. Thomson Reuters. Schenk, D.H., 2016.Federal Taxation of S Corporations. Law Journal Press. Sterling Guardian Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation - [2006] FCAFC 12. Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C. and Pinto, D. 2014 (n.d.).Australian taxation law.

David Hume- Aesthetics Essay Example

David Hume- Aesthetics Paper David Hume is one of the most significant thinkers among the Enlightenment. He is motivated by the question what is beauty, and how certain responses to artwork reflect objectivity. Hume’s essay of 1757,â€Å"Of the Standard of Taste† elegantly describes examples of the tradition of aesthetic judgment The growth of scientific knowledge influenced a sense of general optimism among Enlightenment thinkers. This sense of optimism in result called for a more critical use of human intellect. By overturning long established dogmas, people scrutinized the very prerogatives of reason in relation to political and religious institutions. During this same time, theorists were trying to take account of all the various creative activities that were occurring such as poetry, music, dance, architecture, and sculpture etc. They generalized them into one category of â€Å"fine arts† or â€Å"beaux arts† assuming all activities were unified by the common function and purpose; pleasure. Hume devotes his aesthetic philosophy to describe and analyze art and taste within the field of criticism. clea Humes essay â€Å"Standard of Taste† is divided into four major parts. First part compares the two views of artistic values. He supports the idea of common sense what it comes to judging artwork. It seems from this philosophy that no response to artwork can be wrong because personal taste varies throughout people and therefore cannot be dismissed. Hume rejects the conclusion that beauty simply equates with the sentiment of pleasure received by the object or thing. This is because he says sentiment â€Å"exists merely in the mind† which makes no individual response more superior than another. We will write a custom essay sample on David Hume- Aesthetics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on David Hume- Aesthetics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on David Hume- Aesthetics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Second stage of Humes argument The third stage that Hume discusses in his essay (17 through 27) outlines what he believes constitutes a true judge of art and what may be required to improve ones own standard for judging art. â€Å"Strong sense, united to delicate sentiment, improved by practice, perfected by comparison, and cleared of all prejudice. † These specific factors in his mind would result in an individual worthy of a true judgment of at least a certain kind of artwork. In the fourth and concluding stage Hume stems from the third in the concept of who is the true standard. While seeking this specific critic of beauty one has to also take into account peculiar circumstances that may effect the experience and overall judgment of works. Circumstances can arise from unavoidable prejudices, which even the best critics cant avoid. Factors of natural differences such as age can result in generational differences, as well as cultural biases. A critics moral outlook constitutes as another circumstance that may complicate the judgment of certain kinds of works. Moderate moralism, Hume advocates as the best position to view works in because it confine circumstances where a work will be blemished by improper moral attitudes. David Hume was born in Edinburgh, Scotland on May 7, 1711. He was a philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist. He is regarded as one of the most important thinkers of Western philosophy and the Enlightenment. He is known especially for his philosophical empiricism or sense derived knowledge and skepticism and also for his influence on another important thinker during the Enlightenment, Emanuel Kant. Hume constantly tried to describe how the mind works in regards to knowledge and how the mind works. Experience meant a lot to Hume because he thought it served as the basis of his theory of knowledge. Hume attended the University of Edinburgh at the extraordinarily young age of 10 or 12. At first his family and him thought that a career in law was what his future may entail due to a family tradition on both sides. Yet, later he had become inspired by the different pursuits of philosophy. After a nervous breakdown and a few years to recover in 1729, he tried a job in a merchants office in 1734. He then came to a turning point in his life where he retired to France to spend the majority of his time studying and writing. During this time spent Hume produced a writing which was separated into three books called A Treatise of Human Nature. These books was the first of Hume’s attempts at a full fledged philosophical endeavor. It was certainly his most thoroughly written product of his thoughts mostly explaining his theories about mans process of thought and knowledge. During his younger years, Hume was earning enough money to gain leisure for his philosophical studies. In this time he wrote, rewrote, and added to the book, Treatise. It was in this set of three books that Hume developed his mature thought about the nature of reasoning in regards to fact and experience. The growth of scientific knowledge influenced a sense of general optimism among Enlightenment thinkers. This sense of optimism in result called for a more critical use of human intellect. By overturning long established dogmas, people scrutinized the very prerogatives of reason in relation to political and religious institutions. Hume was the first philosopher of the post medieval world to reformulate the skepticism of the ancients. (Cranston) His conclusion that man is more a creature of senses and practical sentiment or taste than that of reason guided many prominent philosophers to follow. Hume’s general analysis of measuring the aesthetic experience of an object or thing is generated from a personal taste. He believes that there is no wrong evaluative response to a work of art. No reaction or opinion can be dismissed simply because it maybe disfavored by the majority. If something is beautiful to someone then this fact cannot be argued or judged upon by another. Of course, this philosophy comes with certain limitations and specifications determining who is worthy of true judgment of works according to David Hume. In Hume’s essay he outlines what people can do to improve one’s taste and what kind of qualities must be instilled to qualify as a true judge of at least some kinds of works of art. Five qualities, Hume says, would qualify for this job. â€Å"Strong sense, united to delicate sentiment, improved by practice, perfected by comparison, and cleared of all prejudice†. These conditions he believes need to be evident in order to achieve a more qualified personal taste towards a specific kind of work. Even with the best critics there can be certain complicating circumstances that can interfere with judgment. Hume believes these kinds of unavoidable prejudices come from a matter of moral outlook. Bias that comes from individual morality varies greatly and Hume thinks that this can be a huge flaw when it comes to a persons judgment of work. Hume advocates a position of moderate moralism when it comes to â€Å"the natural boundaries of vice and virtue†. This way the works being exposed to the individual judge will not be blemished by overt premonitions.

Transcription vs. Translation

Transcription vs. Translation Evolution, or the change in species over time, is driven by the process of natural selection. In order for natural selection to work, individuals within a population of a species must have differences within the traits they express. Individuals with the desirable traits and   for their environment will survive long enough to reproduce and pass down the genes that code for those characteristics to their offspring. Individuals that are deemed â€Å"unfit† for their environment will die before they are able to pass down those undesirable genes to the next generation. Over time, only the genes that code for the desirable adaptation will be found in the gene pool. The availability of these traits are dependent upon gene expression. Gene expression is made possible by the proteins that are made by cells during   and translation. Since genes are coded for in the DNA and the DNA is transcribed and translated into proteins, the expression of the genes are controlled by which portions of the DNA get copied and made into the proteins. Transcription The first step of gene expression is called transcription. Transcription is creation of a  messenger RNA molecule that is the complement of a single strand of DNA. Free floating RNA nucleotides get matched up to the DNA following the base pairing rules. In transcription, adenine is paired with uracil in RNA and guanine is paired with cytosine. The RNA polymerase molecule puts the messenger RNA nucleotide sequence in the correct order and binds them together. It is also the enzyme that is responsible for checking for mistakes or mutations in the sequence. Following transcription, the messenger RNA molecule is processed through a process called RNA splicing. Parts of the messenger RNA that do not code for the protein that needs to be expressed are cut out and the pieces are spliced back together. Additional protective caps and tails are added to the messenger RNA at this time as well. Alternative splicing can be done to the RNA to make a single strand of messenger RNA able to produce many different genes. Scientists believe this is how adaptations can occur without mutations happening at the molecular level. Now that the messenger RNA is fully processed, it can leave the nucleus through the nuclear pores within the nuclear envelope and proceed to the cytoplasm where it will meet up with a ribosome and undergo translation. This second part of gene expression is where the actual polypeptide that will eventually become the expressed protein is made. In translation, the messenger RNA gets sandwiched between the large and small subunits of the ribosome. Transfer RNA will bring over the correct amino acid to the ribosome and messenger RNA complex. The transfer RNA recognizes the messenger RNA codon, or three nucleotide sequence, by matching up its own anit-codon complement and binding to the messenger RNA strand. The ribosome moves to allow another transfer RNA to bind and the amino acids from these transfer RNA create a peptide bond between them and severing the bond between the amino acid and the transfer RNA. The ribosome moves again and the now free transfer RNA can go find another amino acid and be reused. This process continues until the ribosome reaches a â€Å"stop† codon and at that point, the polypeptide chain and the messenger RNA are released from the ribosome. The ribosome and messenger RNA can be used again for further translation and the polypeptide chain can go off for some more processing to be made into a protein. The rate at which transcription and translation occur drive evolution, along with the chosen alternative splicing of the messenger RNA. As new genes are expressed and frequently expressed, new proteins are made and new adaptations and traits can be seen in the species. Natural selection then can work on these different variants and the species becomes stronger and survives longer. Translation The second major step in gene expression is called translation. After the messenger RNA makes a complementary strand to a single strand of DNA in transcription, it then gets processed during RNA splicing and is then ready for translation. Since the process of translation occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell, it has to first move out of the nucleus through the nuclear pores and out into the cytoplasm where it will encounter the ribosomes needed for translation. Ribosomes are an organelle within a cell that helps assemble proteins. Ribosomes are made up of ribosomal RNA and can either be free floating in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum making it rough endoplasmic reticulum. A ribosome has two subunits - a larger upper subunit and the smaller lower subunit. A strand of messenger RNA is held between the two subunits as it goes through the process of translation. The upper subunit of the ribosome has three binding sites called the â€Å"A†, â€Å"P† and â€Å"E† sites. These sites sit on top of the messenger RNA codon, or a three nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid. The amino acids are brought to the ribosome as an attachment to a transfer RNA molecule. The transfer RNA has an anti-codon, or complement of the messenger RNA codon, on one end and an amino acid that the codon specifies on the other end. The transfer RNA fits into the â€Å"A†, â€Å"P† and â€Å"E† sites as the polypeptide chain is built. The first stop for the transfer RNA is a â€Å"A† site. The â€Å"A† stands for aminoacyl-tRNA, or a transfer RNA molecule that has an amino acid attached to it. This is where the anti-codon on the transfer RNA meets up with the codon on the messenger RNA and binds to it. The ribosome then moves down and the transfer RNA is now within the â€Å"P† site of the ribosome. The â€Å"P† in this case stands for peptidyl-tRNA. In the â€Å"P† site, the amino acid from the transfer RNA gets attached via a peptide bond to the growing chain of amino acids making a polypeptide. At this point, the amino acid is no longer attached to the transfer RNA. Once the bonding is complete, the ribosome moves down once again and the transfer RNA is now in the â€Å"E† site, or the â€Å"exit† site and the transfer RNA leaves the ribosome and can find a free floating amino acid and be used again. Once the ribosome reaches the stop codon and the final amino acid has been attached to the long polypeptide chain, the ribosome subunits break apart and the messenger RNA strand is released along with the polypeptide. The messenger RNA may then go through translation again if more than one of the polypeptide chain is needed. The ribosome is also free to be reused. The polypeptide chain can then be put together with other polypeptides to create a fully functioning protein. The rate of translation and the amount of polypeptides created can drive evolution. If a messenger RNA strand is not translated right away, then its protein it codes for will not be expressed and can change the structure or function of an individual. Therefore, if many different proteins are translated and expressed, a species can evolve by expressing new genes that may not have been available in the gene pool before. Similarly, if an is not favorable, it may cause the gene to stop being expressed. This inhibition of the gene may occur by not transcribing the DNA region that codes for the protein, or it could happen by not translating the messenger RNA that was created during transcription.

Power of Communication Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Power of Communication - Assignment Example Both theories help in arriving at the true meaning and essence of a play. This is the only way in which the audience of a play gets in touch with the writer, and clearly gets the message that the writer of the play intended to pass across. This paper, therefore, goes a long way to critically analyze â€Å"the importance of being Earnest† in light of Aristotle’s six elements of a play. First and foremost is the plot of the play. According to Aristotle, plot simply refers to the flow of incidents through which a protagonist progresses (Aristotle paragraph one). It talks more of the arrangement of events, and how they follow each other from the beginning to the end of the play. When analyzing plot as an integral element of a play, it is very critical to establish the relationship between and among different scenes or acts. The events in the play at hand truly agree with Aristotle’s theory. In Act one, we are introduced to both Jack and his fictional brother (Wilde act 1). Jack lives a double life and this is known to no one else but himself. The second Act brings us to the real reasons why jack lives a double life, while the third Act leads us in discovering the whole truth suggested in the second Ac t. The second element is Character. This is how the actors or figures in a play relate to each other, in a bid to achieve their different goals and motives (Aristotle paragraph two). Understanding the character helps in the identification of the conflict, since conflict is created by the goals, motives and desired pursued by each of the characters throughout the play. In the case at hand, the desire of Cecily is to get married to Ernest, which is also the desire of Gwendoline (Wilde act 3). This creates a conflict between them, a conflict that leads to the discovery of the truth. Gwendoline, in her desire to strengthen her relationship with Jack, decides to pay him a surprise visit. Gwendoline’s mother, Lady Bracknell, is not pleased by this and follows

Analysis of Stereotyping Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis of Stereotyping - Article Example This way, they neither challenge nor are challenged by any other person or group. However, building one's own perceptions, ideas and ideals bring new discoveries. Those who believe in self and not in stereotypes prosper. They challenge the norms and make progress. It is commonly believed that females cannot hold the key managerial positions in an organization, because of the false belief that they do not have a strong decision power (Koenig, Eagly, Mitcell, & Ristikari, 2011). On the other hand, history is full of those females who brought a revolution in the world. The most common example is Mary Kay, who initiated a company, in which she hired females for all kinds of jobs, from assistant manager to watch person. Hence in this fashion proved to the world that females can do any work, and demonstrated a strong character and will that is evidence of her strong decision making, thus proving the stereotype of females’ weak decision making. False beliefs are also playing a role o f guiding principles in evaluating the leaders based on their skin color (Carton & Posette, 2011). This bias is based on the deliberately created belief by whites, which explains blacks as distrusting and naive, but in reality, it is not the case. The prominent presence of Nelson Mandela, who fought for the rights of colored people and gained the support of them, through raising voice for their rights, is an example of wrong assumptions developed over time in the society. Leadership is an influence which can come through anybody irrespective of the skin color. So, it is suggested to the believers of this stereotype that, they should learn to evaluate a leader based on his positive influence on people’s lives because it is the true measure of leadership. On the other side, African Americans are wrongly believed to be less talented regarding their educational pursuits, so teachers are found to be less than willing to help them in grasping the concepts that are taught in the cla ssroom (Isaiah, 2011), by neglecting their queries. But research designates them as hardworking and committed towards their education. In the light of this statement, it is suggested to teachers to consider all of their students as equals, because their duty is, polishing the ability among the students, rather than devastating it. At the same time, this kind of behavior will compel these individuals towards taking a road leading to crimes and make them more prone to the risk of becoming criminals. The attitude of teachers has the potential to make or break the career of a student. Conclusion This paper attempts to provide a sufficient amount of logic to counter various false beliefs prevailing in the world community. However, these beliefs are myths and appear to be trivial at best, when analyzed through logical reasoning. Therefore, it is the best interest of humanity to forego these differences of color, gender and race, because after all, we are humans and only that matters. On t he other front, these stereotypes are hindering humanity’s progress, because of lacking synergies between different groups and nations. This paper argues that females are fully capable of demonstrating strong decision making, regardless of the false assumptions on their capabilities.  Ã‚  

Cancer Prediction Using Data Mining

Cancer Prediction Using Data Mining Cancer Disease Prediction from Horoscope of a Person Using Data Mining D. JAGADEESWARAN Abstract This paper deals with finding out the possibilities of affliction a person from cancer disease i.e. predicting cancer disease from horoscope of a person using data mining techniques. Horoscope has 12 regions each occupying 300. Each region is called a â€Å"house† that deals with different significations. There are total 9 planets that can occupy any house in a horoscope. According to position of the planets different angular combinations can be formed and these combinations are termed as â€Å"Yoga’s† that are used in predicting features of horoscope. Each house deals with different significations and the same set of combinations obtaining in a particular house might influence the different significations comprehended by the house, in different ways. To be more specific, let us consider the 4th house of a horoscope. It is supposed to signify mother, education, land and house properties. An illiterate person may possess many houses and a long-lived mother while a highly educated person may not possess any properties. This obvious discrepancy has been submissive to some extent by the introduction of a significant factor, viz., the Karaka or indicator. This paper aims at testing new horoscopes finding out different possible angular combinations present in that horoscope and to predict the possibility of cancer disease. This is also an approach to discover out whether Astrology is a scientific study and application of language of the heavenly bodies or not. Index Terms Data Mining, Horoscope reading, Horoscope classification, cancer disease prediction etc. Introduction: Cancer is a term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues. Cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. Cancer is not just one disease but many diseases. There are more than 100 different types of cancer. Most cancers are named for the organ or type of cell in which they start for example, cancer that begins in the colon is called colon cancer; cancer that begins in melanocytes of the skin is called melanoma.Cancer types can be grouped into broader categories. The main categories of cancer include: Carcinoma cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. There are a number of subtypes of carcinoma, including adenocarcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and transitional cellcarcinoma. Sarcoma cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue. Leukemia cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood. Lymphoma and myeloma cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system. Central nervous system cancers cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord. Not all tumors are cancerous; tumors can be benign or malignant. Benign tumors arent cancerous. They can often be removed, and, in most cases, they do not come back. Cells in benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant tumors are cancerous. Cells in these tumors can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another is called metastasis. Some cancers do not form tumors. For example, leukemia is a cancer of the bone marrow and blood. Cancer is a long term diseases. Thus, it is imperative that the sixth and the eighth house forma relationship with each other. This is because the sixth house determines the disease and the eighth house signifies the diseases that last long. On the other hand, Saturn and Rahu give the indications for the occurrence of diseases that last long. The position of both the houses play a significant role in analyzing the cancer. Cancer is related to Rahu, afflicted Moon, afflicted Jupiter or Saturn and also forms relations with signs including, Aries, Taurus, Cancer, Libra and Capricorn. The native has a risk of suffering from cancer when the Moon is afflicted being the lord of the sixth house or eighth house in its unfavorable dasha. The risk of suffering from cancer is also high when there are many malefic planets in one house, especially Saturn, Rahu and Mars. The native suffers from the cancer of the respective body part that is represented by the afflicted house. Neptune and Uranus facing each other in a horoscope is considered to be a highly inauspicious position. This situation can even be fatal for the native. Afflicted dashaanath in the horoscope can also give serious diseases like cancer. The dashas that come after the dasha in which the native suffers from Cancer is also analyzed. If these dashas are auspicious, or of favourable planets, or yogakaraka planets, then the disease can be diagnosed in the initial stage only and can be easily treated. Navansh kundli, shahtiyansh kundli and ashtamansha kundli should also be analyzed before reaching to any conclusion. Rahu is considered to the karaka of cancer. However, Mars and Saturn can also give this diseases. Jupiter is considered to be lord of growth and cancer takes place with the growth of dead cells in the body. The risk of cancer is also high when the the lord of the eighth or sixth house is afflicted. Rules for cancer disese: Conjunction of Sat with moon or venus. Saturn and mars aspect or vice versa Malefic lord of 6th in ,6th,8th 10th or 12th. Lord of 6th in 6th ,8th 1oth and 12th. Jupiters aspect on waning moon . Moon and venus aspect on each other. Aspect of saturn on moon or venus. Venus or moon in Rahu ,ketu axis aspected by saturn ,mars or jupiter. I found that venus played a significant role in most charts. Maha dasha or antar of Rahu . Yogas for Cancer Disease When Mars, Moon and the lord of the sixth house conjuncts each other in a horoscope along with Sun, then the person has a risk of getting cancer disease. If Moon and Saturn are in the sixth house of the horoscope, then the person can get Cancer after the age of 55. Conjunction of Jupiter, Saturn and Ketu can become the cause of Cancer. Afflicted Mars and relation of Ashlesha Nakshatra with the ascendant and the sixth house can also result in Cancer. According to Dr. B.V Raman , the risk of Cancer is high when the lord of the sixth house being a malefic is situated in the ascendant, eighth, or tenth house of the horoscope. Saturn in the afflicted state situated in the nakshatra of Rahu can also cause Cancer. When Saturn and Mars conjuncts in the sixth house in Addra or Swati nakshatra. Planets Cancer causing areas in body Planet Body Part to be effected by Cancer Sun Head (Brain), Heart, Stomach, Blood Moon Bone Marrow, Breasts, Lungs, Heart Mars Blood, Bone marrow, Reproductive organs, Uterus, Neck and Rectum Mercury Nose, Mouth, Umbilicous Jupiter Ears, Liver, Thighs, Brain Venus Troat, Reproductive organs Saturn Hands, Feet, Legs, Gums Ketu Head, Neck, Blood, Back/Spine Houses Cancer causing areas in body Malefic Planet influencing House Body Part to be effected by Cancer 1st House Brain, Head 2nd House Mouth 3rd House Throat, Neck 4th House Chest, Breasts, Lungs, Back 5th House Stomach, Blood, Bone Marrow 6th House Liver, Cancers, Pancreas 7th House Reproductive organs 8th House Rectum, Piles, Spine 9th House Thighs 10th House Knees 11th House Legs 12th House Feet In general, Saturn is always linked with all diseases (especially chronic and long term) and if cancer causing planet is in anyway associated (conjunct, aspect, in constellation, in sign) with saturn, then cancer will take long time to cure.Also if either Saturn or cancer causing planet are Retrograde in birth chart, the disease takes longer time to get cured. Saturn and Rahu influencing second house (by placement or aspect) are main reason for tobacco chewing and smoking habits. A person with these aspects should be careful and try to quit tobacco as it can lead to mouth, throat and lung cancer. General horoscope structure for diseases: HOROSCOPE CHART Is the one in which the order of the houses is fixed. It consists of four central rhomboidal houses (which are numbered 1, 4,7 and 10, starting from the upper central rhomboid) and eight triangular houses. The sign rising at the time of birth is marked in the first house or the upper central rhomboid, and the remaining signs marked in regular order in an anti-clockwise direction. CREATING A DATABASE FROM ABOVE HOROSCOPE Every horoscope contains 9 planets, 12 different signs 12 different houses. Depending on the placement of all these different angular combinations are formed. A horoscope can be identified by 11 attributes viz. Ascendant sign signs of 9 Planets. An 11th attribute may be added to represent whether the person will suffer from cancer disease or not. TABLE STRUCTURE The table structure has 11 attributes. That means sun, moon, mars, mercury, Jupiter, venus, Saturn, rajku, kethu, ascendant and cancer disease. That is represented as: Attribute Constraints Datatype Ascendent Sun Moon Mars Mercury Jupiter Venus Saturn Rahu Ketu Cancer disease Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Varchar Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number YES/NO The values are inserted in the database as, Ascendent Sun Moon Mars Mercury Jupiter Venus Saturn Rahu Ketu CancerDisease 2 4 4 3 4 7 4 4 2 8 NO The database can be created for many such horoscopes.This database will serve as the training set in predicting the newer dataset. The training set will contain many horoscopes (For testing, I used 2000 sample horoscope that definitely suffer from Cancer Disease 2000 sample horoscopes that do not suffer from Cancer Disease) is given as input to the classifying algorithm in WEKA. INTERFACING WEKA WITH HOROSCOPE Fig: Applying Horoscope to the WEKA WEKA (WAIKATO ENVIRONMENT FOR KNOWLEDGE ANALYSIS) WEKA is a collection of machine learning algorithms for data mining tasks. The algorithms can either be applied directly to a dataset or called from your own Java code. WEKA contains tools for data pre-processing, classification, regression, clustering, association rules, and visualization. It is also well suited for developing new machine learning schemes. A database created above can be given as input to the WEKA algorithm such as Neural Networks, Lazy, Decision Table etc. a model can be built up from this input. This model is then used in predicting the nature of new horoscope. RESULTS S.No Training Set Size Algorithm Accuracy (%) 1 2 3 4 6000 6000 6000 6000 DecisionTable MultilayerPerceptron J48 LWL 85 93 75 88 CONCLUSION Predicting cancer disease from horoscope of a person is successfully found using data mining techniques. References: International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2012 ISSN 2250-3153 Data Mining: A Knowledge Discovery Approach, K. Cios, W. Pedrycz, R.Swiniarski, L. Kurgan, Springer, ISBN: 978-0-387-33333-5, 2007. Data Mining: Concepts, Models, Methods, and Algorithms, Mehmed Kantardzic, ISBN: 0471228524, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2002. Ian Witten and Eibe Frank, Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques, 2nd Edition, Morgan Kaufmann, ISBN 0120884070,2005. WEKA manual.

Home Schooling Provides Parents More Control :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Home Schooling Provides Parents More Control For most students, school begins with the first bell of the day and ends with the last, but for 228 pupils in the Smallville school district and roughly 1.5 million nationwide, the structure of a typical school day is anything but typical. These are home-schooled students, and their reasons for dropping out of standard educational systems are almost as varied as the hours which they keep. While some families want more time together, others focus on the special needs of children, and still others hope to instill values that they feel are not addressed in public or even private schools. Nearly all seek more control over the education of their children. "With home schooling, you can take your child's learning style and develop curriculum that fits how your child learns best. You're not trying to put a square peg in a round hole," said Sheri Cramer, whose ninth-grade son Jordan recently left public schooling to enroll under a new part-time policy adopted by the Lakota Board of Education last August. Under the policy, home-schooled students can enroll in up to two classes in the district each year and take part in extracurricular activities while maintaining their home-schooled status. "Through the policy, Jordan gets the best of both worlds †¹ he can still take part in school activities, but can work at his own pace and get individual attention also," says Cramer. It is this individualization that draws families to home schooling. "Because of the direct one-on-one interaction, you can tell if material is too boring or too difficult for your child and can make adjustments to that," says West Chester CHEC(Christian Home Education of Cincinnati) support group leader Susan Schechter, who has home schooled her two children for eight years. "I've always felt that I was able to do with home schooling what most teachers would like to do if they had the time and money." While expenses are not always a problem for home schoolers, they receive no financial aid from the government, and come from mostly single-paycheck families so that one parent can teach at home. "The idea is for parents to participate and share the skills they have with others so that we (home schooling families) don't have to hire as many teachers," says Schechter. For the majority of home schoolers, the primary teacher is the parent, though many are involved in home-schooling co-ops for special classes or hire private tutors for difficult subjects.